ETFs are exchange-traded investment funds that allow investors to buy and sell fund units (similar to stocks) throughout the trading day. ETFs are designed to replicate the performance of a specific market index, sector, commodity, or asset group, providing investors with a convenient way to diversify their portfolio. This means that instead of investing directly in each index component individually, investors can buy ETF units, gaining exposure to an entire index or sector in a single transaction. It is a cost-effective and flexible way to invest.

Like any financial instrument, the safety of investing in ETFs depends on various factors, including the chosen asset class, investment goals, and the investor's risk tolerance. ETFs offer diversification, as a single transaction can provide exposure to a wide range of stocks or assets. This diversification can help reduce investment risk but does not fully eliminate it. It is important for investors to carefully research potential ETFs, reviewing their composition, performance history, and fees before making an investment.

The cost of investing in ETFs mainly includes the broker's commission for buying and selling ETF units, as well as ongoing fund management fees, known as the Total Expense Ratio (TER) or Expense Ratio. These fees vary depending on the broker and the ETF itself. ETFs typically have lower management fees than traditional investment funds, making them an attractive option for cost-conscious investors. Additionally, some platforms offer commission-free ETF transactions, which can further reduce costs.

For beginner investors, it is important to focus on building a diversified portfolio, for example, by selecting ETFs that track broad market indices such as the S&P 500 or MSCI World. The "buy and hold" strategy can also be beneficial, as it avoids frequent trading and speculation on short-term market movements. Additionally, beginner investors should invest time in learning and understanding the market, monitoring their investments, and adjusting their portfolio according to their personal investment goals and risk tolerance.

The main difference between trading ETFs on the stock exchange and traditional investment funds is how they are listed and transacted. ETFs are traded on the stock exchange throughout the trading day, and their prices can fluctuate in real time, similar to stocks. In contrast, traditional investment funds are valued once a day after the market closes, and all buy and sell orders from that day are executed at a single fixed price.